Gynaecological Oncology

Gynaecological oncology is a specialized field of medicine dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers affecting the female reproductive system, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Early detection and advanced therapies are crucial for improving survival rates and quality of life.

Types of Gynaecological Cancers

1. Ovarian Cancer – Often diagnosed late; high mortality rate.
2. Cervical Cancer – Largely preventable via HPV vaccination & screening.
3. Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer – Most common gynaecological cancer.
4. Vaginal & Vulvar Cancer – Rare but treatable if detected early.

Risk Factors & Prevention

Modifiable Risks:

• HPV infection, smoking, obesity, lack of screening
  Non-Modifiable Risks:
• Age, family history (BRCA mutations), Lynch syndrome

🔹 Prevention Tips:

• HPV vaccination (Gardasil)
• Regular Pap smears & HPV tests
• Healthy weight management

Diagnosis & Staging

• Imaging: Ultrasound, MRI, PET-CT
• Biopsy: Cone biopsy (cervix), endometrial sampling
• Laparoscopy: For ovarian cancer assessment
• TNM Staging: Determines tumor spread

Treatment Options

1. Surgery

• Hysterectomy (for uterine/cervical cancer)
• Debulking Surgery (ovarian cancer)
• Minimally Invasive Techniques (Robotic/Laparoscopic)

2. Radiation Therapy

• Brachytherapy (internal radiation for cervical cancer)

3. Systemic Therapies

• Chemotherapy (e.g., Carboplatin for ovarian cancer)
• Targeted Therapy (e.g., PARP inhibitors for BRCA+ patients)
• Immunotherapy (e.g., Pembrolizumab for advanced cases)

Advances in Gynaecological Oncology

• Liquid Biopsies – Early detection of recurrence.
• Fertility-Sparing Treatments – For young patients.
• Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) – For advanced ovarian cancer.

Life After Gynaecological Cancer

• Hormonal therapy (for certain uterine cancers)
• Pelvic floor rehabilitation
• Psychological & sexual health support

Conclusion

Regular screenings (Pap smears, HPV tests) and genetic counseling for high-risk women can save lives. A multidisciplinary approach ensures the best outcomes.